2. Material and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
In particular, the fresh new WBQ will bring: (A) research with the profile of your own participant; (B) tape from use with the time of the earlier in the day times from solid and you may water food, liquids or products off a partial-decimal dining frequency survey (FFQ) out-of 58 ingredients confirmed for quoting opportunity consumption and also the most glucose and you may honey which is put into products; and you will (C) estimation out of physical activity the help of its the brand new Globally Physical working out Survey (IPAQ) , hence facts time of physical working out at around three pastime membership (serious, reasonable, lightweight get it done) otherwise sedentary requirements. New IPAQ might have been confirmed in the past since the a combination-federal means getting recording exercise [20,21,22] and to imagine opportunity cost.
The energy and you can water stuff of recorded dinners and you may products are reviewed by using the Eating plan Investigation Along with (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and therefore uses structure study throughout the USDA Federal Nutrient Database and chosen Greek food (i.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Centered on total energy intake and energy expense, times equilibrium is actually analyzed too.
Within analysis, “drinks” means fruit fruit juice or manufactured liquid 100% versus glucose blogs, sugar-sweet tasting drinks (SSDs) (fruits nectar having sugar, sodas which have glucose and effort/isotonic drinks), low calorie soft drinks, beverage and you may organic infusions, milk Chile kvinne (a myriad of milk, delicious chocolate whole milk and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and sherbets, coffee-and java drinks, and you will alcohol (alcohol, wines and all of particular alcoholic drinks). “Take in times consumption (DEI)” refers to opportunity intake off drinks “complete times consumption (TEI)” so you can opportunity intake out-of most of the provide and you may “energy consumption out of dinners” to help you energy consumption away from strong and you can liquid products (elizabeth.g., soups). The latest contribution off products teams so you can total times intake (study off Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), exhibited as total water intake (TWI), i.elizabeth., drinking water from products, liquid, strong and you will fluid meals and as drink intake of water (DWI), we.e., liquids from drinks and you may water.
step three. Statistical Research
Results are demonstrated once the indicate ± sd with the generally speaking distributed parameters and you can median (P25–P75) toward skewed ones. Normality are examined with the possibilities–probability spot (P–P spot) and you will histograms. Differences between people about your total energy intake, energy out of drinks, time out of ingredients, time cost, opportunity equilibrium, drinking habits, liquids from h2o and you can products, liquids regarding products, liquids away from drinking water, liquids off products, liquid losses and you can liquid harmony have been assessed on the independent attempt t-try to the generally distributed parameters and Mann-Whittney U-take to into skewed ones. Furthermore, differences between the new five quartiles of time out of beverages was reviewed to the you to-way ANOVA F-shot on the usually marketed parameters therefore the Kruskal-Wallis H Sample to the skewed of them. Advantages level is lay on 5%. Correlations within sum off beverages so you’re able to drinking habits inside the family relations so you can energy in the cold temperatures and you can summer were examined by Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients to have usually delivered otherwise skewed variables. The analytical analyses did having fun with PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).
